KT 板 3D 特技飞机
完整制作教程 KT Foam 3D Aerobatic Plane
Complete Build Guide

3D飞机的图纸设计必须把减重放在首位。翼展建议900-1000mm（翼载越低3D性能越好），机身采用开放式框架结构，所有非承力区域都要镂空减重。在动手制作前，仔细规划每个部件的尺寸和位置。3D aircraft design must prioritize weight reduction above all else. Aim for a 900–1000mm wingspan (lower wing loading = better 3D performance). The fuselage uses an open-frame skeleton, with all non-structural areas cut away. Plan every component's dimensions and position carefully before you start cutting.

• 机翼：翼展900mm，弦长200mm，副翼占后缘55%（110mm深度）Wing: 900mm span, 200mm chord, ailerons covering 55% of trailing edge (110mm deep)
• 机身：长约650mm，最宽处约60mm，采用蜂窝框架结构Fuselage: ~650mm long, ~60mm max width, honeycomb frame structure
• 水平尾翼：翼展约350mm，升降舵占后缘60%Horizontal tail: ~350mm span, elevator covering 60% of trailing edge
• 垂直尾翼：高度约200mm，方向舵占后缘55%Vertical tail: ~200mm height, rudder covering 55% of trailing edge

3D机的机翼比教练机薄（3mm KT板），折叠角度也更小，以形成接近平板的翼型。这种接近零拱度的翼型在大攻角下仍能产生升力，是3D机能够低速飞行的关键之一。A 3D wing is thinner (3mm KT foam) and folded to a flatter profile than a trainer wing. This near-zero-camber airfoil still generates lift at very high angles of attack — one key reason 3D planes can fly so slowly.

• 将机翼图纸贴于3mm KT板，精确裁切主翼轮廓和翼根连接槽Tape wing template to 3mm KT foam; precisely cut the wing outline and root mounting slot
• 折叠线位于翼弦25%处，深度划至板材厚度60%（3mm板约1.8mm）Score fold line at 25% chord, cutting to 60% of foam thickness (~1.8mm for 3mm board)
• 折叠角度约6-8°（比教练机的15-20°小得多）Fold angle ~6–8° (much flatter than a trainer's 15–20°)
• 副翼区域暂不折叠，保持平板待后续安装铰链Leave the aileron section unfolded for now — keep it flat for hinging later
• 用薄CA胶渗入折叠线固定，快速施压10秒即可固化Wick thin CA glue into the fold crease and press for 10 seconds to cure
• 在翼面后缘预留副翼铰链线，用刀背轻压出痕迹标记Mark the aileron hinge line on the trailing edge with a light knife-back score

3D机副翼是整架飞机最具特色的设计——副翼深度达翼弦的55%，偏转量高达±45°以上。这种超大副翼在低速和大攻角下仍能产生极强的滚转力矩，是3D飞行的核心。The 3D plane's oversize ailerons are its defining feature — 55% of chord depth, with throws exceeding ±45°. These massive surfaces generate tremendous roll authority even at low speed and high angle of attack, which is the heart of 3D flight.

• 从主翼后缘切下副翼，保留约2mm的铰链材料Cut the aileron from the wing trailing edge, leaving ~2mm of foam as a living hinge
• 副翼前缘（与机翼连接处）用宽透明胶带双面粘贴作为铰链Apply wide clear tape on both sides of the hinge line for a durable flexible hinge
• 在副翼中部安装铝合金舵角，用M2螺丝穿透KT板固定（不能只用胶粘）Mount alloy control horn at mid-aileron with M2 screws through the foam — glue alone is not strong enough
• 副翼后缘做削薄处理：将后缘约5mm宽度削薄至约1mm，减少气动阻力Bevel the aileron trailing edge: taper the last 5mm down to ~1mm thickness for reduced drag
• 检查副翼在±45°范围内偏转顺畅，无卡顿，回中后完全水平Verify ailerons deflect smoothly through ±45° without binding and return to perfectly neutral

3D机身采用开放式箱形框架，而非封闭的盒形结构，以最大程度减轻重量。机身只保留受力骨架，所有非承力区域全部镂空。这种结构虽然看起来"空旷"，但配合碳纤维管加强后具有优秀的扭转刚性。The 3D fuselage is an open box frame — not a closed shell — for maximum weight savings. Only the load-bearing skeleton is retained; all non-structural areas are cut away. This looks sparse but has excellent torsional stiffness once the carbon tube reinforcements are added.

• 裁切机身左右侧板（各650×80mm），在非承力区域切出大面积减重孔Cut left and right fuselage side panels (650×80mm each) with large lightening holes in non-structural areas
• 制作机头防火墙：2mm碳纤维板裁切为60×60mm，四角钻孔用于电机安装Make firewall from 2mm carbon sheet cut to 60×60mm with motor mounting holes at corners
• 机身共需5个隔框：机头、翼根前、翼根后、尾翼根、尾端，间距约130mmFive formers: nose, wing root forward, wing root rear, tail root, tail end — spaced ~130mm apart
• 用CA胶组装机身箱体，先粘隔框，再合拢两片侧板，用方角保证垂直度Assemble with CA glue: bond formers first, then close the two side panels; use a square to ensure perpendicularity
• 沿机身顶部和底部各嵌入一根6mm碳纤维管，用稀CA胶渗透固定Embed one 6mm carbon tube along the fuselage top and one along the bottom; wick thin CA to lock
• 翼根处设计可拆卸机翼插管：机翼内的碳管插入机身内的卡槽，不飞时可拆下携带Design the wing root as a plug-in joint — the wing's carbon tube inserts into a fuselage socket for easy transport

3D机的尾翼同样采用超大舵面设计。升降舵和方向舵的面积是常规飞机的2倍以上，配合大行程（±45°以上）可以在极低速甚至零速度时仍能提供足够的操控力矩，实现真正的3D动作。The 3D tail uses the same oversize philosophy. Elevator and rudder areas are 2× those of a conventional plane, and with ±45°+ throws they deliver enough control authority at near-zero airspeed for genuine 3D maneuvers.

• 水平尾翼裁切：翼展350mm，弦长120mm，升降舵占后缘60%（72mm）Horizontal tail: 350mm span, 120mm chord, elevator at 60% trailing edge (72mm deep)
• 垂直尾翼：高200mm，根弦150mm，梢弦80mm，方向舵占55%Vertical tail: 200mm height, 150mm root chord, 80mm tip chord, rudder at 55%
• 尾翼面与舵面铰链安装同副翼，使用宽胶带双面铰链+金属舵角Tail surface hinges same as ailerons — wide tape double-sided hinge + metal control horns
• 水平尾翼通过碳管插管安装在机身，可微调安装角以配平俯仰Mount horizontal tail on a carbon tube socket in the fuselage — slight incidence adjustment tunes pitch trim
• 垂直尾翼用CA胶粘合在机身后段，用直角三角形加强片固定垂直度Bond vertical tail to the rear fuselage with CA; add right-angle gussets to keep it perfectly vertical
• 方向舵偏转量设置±50mm（大于一般飞机），确保3D动作时的偏航操控力Set rudder throw at ±50mm (more than a standard aircraft) for strong yaw authority in 3D

3D机的电子系统要求更高：大扭力舵机保证大行程下的精确控制，高功率电机系统提供超过机重2倍的推力，高放电电池满足3D飞行时的瞬间大电流需求。电子系统的重量分布同时决定了飞机的重心位置。3D electronics demand higher performance across the board: high-torque servos for precise large-throw control, a high-power motor system delivering 2×+ thrust-to-weight, and a high-discharge battery for the instantaneous peak current of 3D flight. The weight distribution of the electronics also directly determines the CG.

• 安装2212电机到防火墙：确认推力线与机身中线平行（侧推角为0，下推3°）Mount 2212 motor to firewall: ensure thrust line is parallel to fuselage centerline (0° side thrust, 3° down thrust)
• 电调用魔术贴固定在机头内部，引出散热孔，确保能承受40A持续电流Mount ESC inside the nose with Velcro near a cooling vent; ensure it can sustain 40A continuous
• 副翼舵机安装在翼面内侧，用CA胶固定舵机托盘；舵机臂设置在中立位Install aileron servos inside the wing panel on a CA-bonded tray; center the servo arm at neutral
• 升降舵舵机安装在机身前段（尽量靠近重心），连杆沿机身后延至升降舵Install elevator servo in the forward fuselage (close to CG); run pushrod rearward to elevator
• 方向舵舵机安装在机身后段靠近方向舵，缩短连杆减少游隙Mount rudder servo near the rear fuselage close to the rudder to minimize pushrod length and slop
• 所有连杆使用2mm钢丝，两端用Z型弯曲连接，避免3D飞行时大偏转导致连杆弯曲Use 2mm steel wire pushrods with Z-bends at both ends — rigid enough to handle large deflections without flexing
• 接收机绑在机身中段，用泡沫包裹防震，天线引出机身两侧Bind receiver at mid-fuselage, foam-wrapped for vibration protection; route antennas out both fuselage sides

3D机的重心调整和遥控器设置与普通飞机截然不同。为了实现3D飞行，重心位置比普通飞机更偏后，舵面行程也比普通飞机大2-3倍。这些设置使飞机具有更强的机动性，但同时也降低了飞行稳定性，需要飞手更精准的操控。3D aircraft CG and radio setup differs dramatically from a normal plane. The CG sits further aft for increased agility, and throws are 2–3× those of a normal aircraft. This gives extreme maneuverability at the cost of stability — the pilot must compensate with more precise inputs.

• 重心位置：翼弦28-33%处（比教练机的25%更靠后），首飞建议28%偏保守CG position: 28–33% of chord (further aft than a trainer's 25%); use 28% for maiden flights
• 正常飞行模式（Normal Mode）行程设置：副翼±20mm，升降舵±18mm，方向舵±25mmNormal mode throws: aileron ±20mm, elevator ±18mm, rudder ±25mm
• 3D飞行模式行程设置：副翼±45mm，升降舵±45mm，方向舵±50mm3D mode throws: aileron ±45mm, elevator ±45mm, rudder ±50mm
• 在遥控器上设置双速率（Dual Rate）：模式开关切换正常/3D模式Set up dual rates on the transmitter: toggle switch between normal and 3D mode
• 指数（Expo）设置：正常模式30-40%，3D模式50-60%，减少中性附近的操控灵敏度Expo settings: normal mode 30–40%, 3D mode 50–60%, to soften control sensitivity around neutral
• 油门曲线：3D模式建议设置油门中点对应50%实际输出，方便悬停操控Throttle curve: in 3D mode set mid-stick to 50% actual output for easier hover throttle management

3D机地面测试必须比普通飞机更为严格彻底。由于飞机结构更轻薄、舵面更大，任何小问题在空中都可能被放大，导致摔机。花时间做好地面测试，远比修理摔坏的飞机更划算。3D aircraft ground testing must be more thorough than for a normal plane. The lighter structure and larger control surfaces amplify any small problem in the air, leading to crashes. Time spent on ground testing is always cheaper than repairing a crashed aircraft.

• 舵面方向检查：正舵→副翼向右偏、升降舵向上、方向舵向右Control direction check: right stick → aileron right, up stick → elevator up, right pedal → rudder right
• 全行程偏转测试：每个舵面正负全行程偏转10次，确认无卡顿和异响Full-throw test: cycle each surface 10 times through full throw, no binding or noise
• 摘下螺旋桨，全油门测试电机：持续3秒，听电调是否有保护音Remove prop, full-throttle test motor for 3 seconds — listen for ESC protection beeps
• 装上螺旋桨，手持飞机验证推力方向：推力应正向朝前，无明显侧偏Install prop, hold aircraft and verify thrust direction: must push straight forward with no significant side component
• 最终重心复查：安装电池后重新测量，确认在设计范围内Final CG check: re-measure with battery installed; confirm within design range
• 所有连接处拉力测试：用力拉扯机翼、尾翼，确认粘合牢固不松动Pull-test all joints: tug firmly on the wing and tail surfaces to confirm all bonds are solid

恭喜完成3D特技机的制作！3D飞行技术的学习是一段漫长但令人着迷的旅程。建议从最基础的3D动作开始练习，逐步进阶到更复杂的组合动作，切勿贪快跳过基础阶段。在飞行前请务必在模拟器上充分练习。Congratulations on completing your 3D aerobatic build! Learning 3D flight is a long and fascinating journey. Start with the most fundamental 3D maneuvers and progress gradually — don't rush past the basics. Always practice extensively on a simulator before attempting each new maneuver.

• 哈里尔飞行（Harrier）：大攻角（约60°）低速平飞，油门约50-60%，副翼/升降舵保持飞机姿态稳定Harrier flight: high angle of attack (~60°) slow level flight at 50–60% throttle; aileron/elevator maintain attitude
• 垂直悬停（Hover）：机头朝上垂直悬停，油门70-80%，靠方向舵控制旋转，副翼和升降舵保持位置Hover: nose-straight-up stationary hover at 70–80% throttle; rudder controls rotation, aileron/elevator hold position
• 尾冲（Torque Roll）：垂直悬停时收小油门，飞机绕推力轴自旋，通过精细油门和方向舵控制Torque roll: reduce throttle in hover and let the plane spin on its thrust axis; control with fine throttle and rudder
• 无动力悬停（Dead Stick Hover）：最终目标，油门为零时仍能保持机头向上悬停数秒Dead-stick hover: the ultimate goal — maintain nose-up hover for several seconds at zero throttle
• 每次飞行前进行模拟器练习，Realflight、Phoenix RC、VelociDrone均有KT板3D机模型Practice on a simulator before each flying session — RealFlight, Phoenix RC, and VelociDrone all have KT foam 3D models